ࡱ> npm @ %bjbjPP =J::nf       8@l$sf(eeeeeee$3iRk~f f  -fyyy   eyeyy^  6a i /gL`4e Cf0sf`Xl54lh6a4Dx,    l 6a{&y<ffd iLista de Figuras Figura 1-1 Proceso de toma de decisiones y diseo para estructuras de evacuacin vertical 3 Figura 2-1 Amplitudes mximas computadas de tsunami en el Ocano ndico 11 Figura 2-2 Diagramas esquemticos del desplazamiento vertical resultando de una dislocacin de una falla subductiva: a) zona de ruptura lejos de la costa; y b)ruptura de zona adyacente a la costa con subsidencia costera 12 Figura 2-3 Expedientes de medidas martimas para el tsunami de 2004 en: Ta Phao Noi, Tailandia, mostrando la ola principal de depresin; y b) Tuticorin, India, mostrando la ola principal de elevacin 13 Figura 2-4 Altura de runup medidas en el tsunami de Okushuri en la costa de Inaho, mostrando que la altura de runup vara significativamente entre reas cercanas 14 Figura 2-5 Boceto de macareo y fotografa del tsunami de Nihonkai-Chubu de 1983 mostrando la formacin del macareo de este tsunami lejos de la costa 14 Figura 2-6 Boceto de una marejada y fotografa del tsunami de Nihonkai-Chubu de 1983 mostrando la formacin de una marejada 15 Figura 2-7 Secuencia de fotografas mostrando inundacin causada por runup del tsunami de Nihonkai-Chubu de 1983. 15 Figura 2-8 Grados de dao a edificios vs. altura de runup. 16 Figura 2-9 Faro de Scotch Cap destruido por el tsunami de las Islas Aleutianas de 1946 17 Figura 2-10 Destruccin total de un grupo de estructuras de Madera en la villa de Aonae, Okushiri, Japn (Tsunami de Okushiri de 1993) 18 Figura 2-11 Casas de playa con varios niveles de dao en El Popoyo, Nicaragua (Tsunami de Nicaragua de 1992) 18 Figura 2-12 Dao causado por el impacto de escombros (bote pesquero) en Aonae, Japn (Tsunami de Okushiri de 1993) 19 Figura 2-13 Ejemplos de estructuras de concreto reforzado que sobrevivieron el tsunami de Okushiri de 1993 19 Figura 2-14 Casa de playa de albailera simple daada en Devanaanpattinam, India (Tsunami del Ocano ndico del 2004). 20 Figura 2-15 Ejemplo de una mezquita de cocreto reforzado sobreviviente en Uleele, Banda Aceh 21 Figura 2-16 Ejemplos de escombros cargados por el tsunami del Ocano ndico del 2004 21 Figura 2-17 Dao a columnas de concreto no reforzadas por impacto de escombros 22 Figura 2-18 Dao a columna de esquina por formacin de dique de escombros 22 Figura 2-19 Erosin alrededor de cimientos llanos en el rea de Khao Lak 23 Figura 2-20 Dao por levantamiento a pisos y muelle de concreto prefabricado 23 Figura 2-21 Ejemplos de colapso etructural por temblor fuerte antes de la inundacin de tsunami en Bandah Aceh: a) fallo en la conexin de vigas y columnas; y b) fallo por nivel no reforzado 24 Figura 2-22 El edificio de apartamentos Gulf Tower sufri dao no estructural sustancial en el primer nivel, pero se mantuvo estructuralmente seguro 25 Figura2-23 El edificio de oficinas Pass Christian con un sistema de pisos cast-in-place sufri dao no estuctural en los primeros dos niveles pero permaneci estructuralmente seguro 26 Figura 2-24 Condominio en Gulfport, Mississippi con daos de olas y marejadas a elementos no estructurales en el primer nivel pero sin ningn dao estructural reportado 26 Figura 2-25 Colapso progresivo de los pisos superiores de un estacionamiento por daos a las columnas de los niveles bajos causados por una barcaza-casino adyacente 27 Figura 2-26 Fallo de pilotes pretensados por el efecto de diquie de un contenedor 28 Figura 2-27 Negative bending failure of a prestressed double-tee floor system due to uplift forces 29 Figura 2-28 Concrete frame of three-story apartment building that partially collapsed due to failure of the post-tensioned flat slab in the bay closest to the Gulf of Mexico 30 Figura 3-1 Coastal sites for site-specific tsunami inundation models for the Tsunami Forecasting System 33 Figura 3-2 Tsunami inundation modeling products for Seattle, Washington 35 Figura 3-3 Tsunami inundation map for Seattle, Washington produced and published by the state of Washington, using modeling products as guidance 35 Figura 3-4 Yaquina Bay, Oregon tsunami inundation map with three inundation lines 37 Figura 3-5 Tsunami elevations with a 90% probability of not being exceeded in 50 years 38 Figura 3-6 The 500-year tsunami map for Seaside, Oregon, depicting maximum have heights that are met or exceeded at an annual probability of 0.2% 39 Figura 4-1 Soil berm combined with a community open space. 46 Figura 4-2 Parking garage. Open structural systems allow water to pass through with minimal resistance, and interior ramps allow for easy ingress and vertical circulation 47 Figura 4-3 Sports complex. Designed for assembly use, this type of structure can accommodate circulation and service needs for large numbers of people 48 Figura 4-4 Hotel and convention complex. Meeting rooms, ballrooms, and exhibit spaces located above the tsunami inundation elevation can be used to provide areas of refuge. 48 Figura 4-5 Evacuation map for Waikiki, Hawaii, indicating use of existing buildings for vertical evacuation 49 Figura 5-1 Vertical evacuation refuge locations considering travel distance, evacuation behavior, and naturally occurring high ground 54 Figura 5-2 Site hazards adjacent to vertical evacuation structures 55 Figura 6-1 Seismic performance objectives linking building performance levels to earthquake hazard levels 66 Figura 6-2 Hydrostatic force distribution and location of resultant 71 Figura 6-3 Buoyant forces on an overall building with watertight lower levels 72 Figura 6-4 Hydrodynamic force distribution and location of resultant 73 Figura 6-5 Hydrodynamic impulsive and drag forces on components of a building subjected to inundation by a tsunami bore 75 Figura 6-6 Waterborne debris impact force 75 Figura 6-7 Maximum flow velocity of depth, d, at the ground elevation, z, and maximum runup elevation, R. 77 Figura 6-8 A definition sketch for upward buoyant force exerted on an elevated floor 79 Figura 6-9 Gravity loads exerted on an elevated floor with water retained by exterior walls during rapid drawdown 81 Figura 6-10 Impulsive and drag forces applied to an example building 83 Figura 6-11 Debris dam and drag forces applied to an example building 83 Figura 6-12 Tie force strategy 87 Figura 6-13 Detailing of reinforcing steel for potential loss of a supporting column 87 Figura 6-14 Missing column strategy 89 Figura 7-1 Effect of breakaway walls on waves 94 Figura A-1 Life-Saving Tower 101 Figura A-2 Nishiki Tower 102 Figura A-3 Refuge at Shirahama Beach Resort 103 Figura A-4 Tsunami refuge in Kaifu, Japan 104 Figura A-5 Berm constructed for tsunami refuge in Aonae, Japan 104 Figura A-6 Aonae Elementary School. Upper floors are intended for use as tsunami refuge space 105 Figura B-1 Hypothetical sketch of example community showing potential vertical evacuation structure sites and evacuation routes 107 Figura B-2 Example community inundation map 108 Figura B-3 Example community inundation flow velocity map 109 Figura B-4 Example escape berm design 110 Figura B-5 Example escape berm plan layout 111 Figura B-6 Example escape berm section 111 Figura B-7 Example escape berm rear elevation 112 Figura B-8 Example gymnasium 113 Figura B-9 Example gymnasium plan 114 Figura B-10 Example gymnasium elevation 114 Figura C-1 Definition sketch for example calculations 117 Figura C-2 Condition resulting in buoyant forces 119 Figura D-1 Ranges of duration of impact 127 Figura E-1 Maximum flow velocity of depth, d, at the ground elevation, z, and maximum runup elevation, R 133     FEMA P646 List of Figures  PAGE xii FEMA P646 List of Figures  PAGE xiii @jmstux ^ _ a b h m      ⮣⣘}}hL_%mH PsH Phsh.OmH PsH PhsmH PsH PhshsmH PsH Phsh)mH PsH PhshZgdmH PsH Phmh.OmH PsH Phmh)mH PsH PhmmH PsH Phmh%mH PsH PhVmH PsH PhmhZgdmH PsH PhmhmmH PsH P.m b  ! . 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